Tugas CCNA 2 Lab 4.1.5 Subnetting a Network

Diposting oleh Andrizda_Pratama

Lab 4.1.5 Subnetting a Network
Instructor version

Objective
  • • Create an IP addressing plan for a small network.

Background / Preparation
In this activity, you will play the role of an onsite installation and support technician from an ISP. A customer has called the ISP complaining of e-mail problems and occasional poor Internet performance. On The ISP is preparing a design for a network upgrade. The interim topology diagram for the proposed network is shown below.
There is still a requirement for an IP addressing plan. One of the ISP network designers has made some
notes on a simplified sketch of the proposed network, and has written some requirements. The designer asks you to create an IP address plan for the network upgrade.

Step 1: Analyze the network
  1. perhitungkanlah berapa minimal subnet host yang dibutuhkan:
  1. 30 hosts
  2. 5 bits
  1. S ubnet terbesar harus dapat mendukung host yaitu 3 subnets
  2. Ya

Step 2: Calculate the custom subnet mask
Langkah 2: Hitung subnet mask custom
Sekarang jumlah bit subnet ID diketahui, subnet mask dapat dihitung. Sebuah jaringan kelas C memiliki
default subnet mask dari 24 bit, atau 255.255.255.0. Apa yang akan subnet mask custom bisa?
Subnet mask kustom untuk jaringan ini akan menjadi  255.255.255.224 atau / 27

Step 3: Specify the host IP addresses
Langkah 3: Tentukan alamat IP host
Sekarang subnet mask diidentifikasi, skema pengalamatan jaringan dapat dibuat. Pengalamatan
skema termasuk nomor subnet, alamat broadcast subnet, dan kisaran alamat IP
dialihkan ke host.
  1. Lengkapi tabel yang menunjukkan semua subnet yang mungkin untuk jaringan 192.168.1.0.
Step 4 Consider other subnetting options
Bagaimana jika ada lebih dari 30 host yang harus didukung pada porsi baik kabel atau nirkabel
jaringan. Anda bisa meminjam lebih sedikit bit, yang akan membuat subnet yang lebih sedikit, namun masing-masing akan mendukung besar jumlah host per subnet.
  1. Berapa banyak bit akan dipinjam untuk membuat empat subnet? Jawaban 2 bit (2 ^ 2 = 4 subnet)
  2. Berapa banyak bit akan ditinggalkan untuk host pada subnet masing-masing? Jawanban 6 bit
  3. Berapa jumlah maksimum host setiap subnet dapat mendukung? 2 ^ 6 = 64-2 = 62
  4. Apa yang akan subnet mask dalam desimal bertitik dan nomor slash (/ #) format?
    Pinjaman 2 bit akan membuat 255.255.255.192 atau / 26 subnet mask.
  5. Jika Anda mulai dengan jaringan 192.168.1.0 yang sama seperti sebelumnya dan subnet ke empat subnet, apa yang akan nomor subjaringan? 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.64, 192.168.1.128, 192.168.1.192
Step 5: Reflection
  1. Apakah subnetting membantu mengurangi masalah deplesi alamat IP? Jelaskan jawaban Anda. jawaban: Ya. Subnetting mengizinkan kita untuk menggunakan satu alamat kelas C untuk mendukung berbagai jaringan.
  2. Rough Desain Diagram Catatan mencatat bahwa subnet nirkabel akan memiliki hingga 30 PC
    menghubungkan. Dalam berpasangan atau dalam kelompok kecil, berdiskusi maupun tidak yang menciptakan situasi di mana IP alamat mungkin akan sia-sia. Apakah itu penting, dan mengapa atau mengapa tidak?
  3. Ada metode alternatif dari subnetting dengan CIDR dan VLSM. Apakah VLSM menjadi berharga pilihan untuk subnetting jaringan ini? Diskusikan dalam kelompok kecil

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Tugas CCNA 2 Lab 4.2.4 Determining PAT Translations

Diposting oleh Andrizda_Pratama

Lab 4.2.4 Determining PAT Translations
  1. Klien pada jaringan pribadi mengirimkan permintaan ke server web di Internet publik.\
  2. NAT router menerjemahkan alamat sumber dan meneruskan permintaan ke web server
  3. web server merespon ke alamat klien diterjemahkan
  4. Router NAT menerjemahkan alamat klien (tujuan) kembali ke alamat pribadi asli
Tujuan
  • Menjelaskan koneksi jaringan yang aktif terbuka pada komputer saat melihat halaman web tertentu.
  • Menentukan apa alamat IP internal dan nomor port dijabarkan ke menggunakan alamat port translation (PAT).
Latar Belakang / Persiapan
Alamat port translation (PAT) adalah bentuk network address translation (NAT). Dengan PAT, router menerjemahkan beberapa internal (biasanya swasta) alamat ke alamat IP tunggal umum pada antarmuka yang tersambung ke Internet. nomor Port yang digunakan, dalam kombinasi dengan alamat IP, untuk melacak individu koneksi. Pada lab ini, Anda menggunakan perintah ipconfig dan netstat untuk melihat port yang terbuka pada komputer. Anda akan dapat melihat alamat IP awal dan kombinasi pelabuhan, dan menentukan diterjemahkan kombinasi alamat IP dan port. Sumber berikut diperlukan:
  • Komputer menjalankan Windows XP Professional
  • Koneksi ke router gateway atau ISR yang menggunakan PAT
  • Koneksi internet
  • Akses ke prompt perintah PC.
Langkah 1: Tentukan alamat IP komputer
  1. Buka jendela Command Prompt dengan mengklik Start> Run dan ketik cmd. Atau, Anda mungkinmklik Start> All Program> Accessories> Command Prompt. Pada tipe, prompt ipconfig perintah untuk menampilkan alamat IP dari komputer.
  2. Apa alamat IP dari komputer? Apakah ada nomor port yang ditampilkan, dan mengapa atau mengapa tidak?  Jawaban: Alamat IP seperti yang ditunjukkan untuk adapter aktif pada komputer Tidak ada nomor port akan ditampilkan, karena nomor port berhubungan dengan koneksi aktif antara proses pada beberapa perangkat.
Langkah 2: Tentukan alamat IP dari router gateway atau ISR
Periksa dengan instruktur Anda untuk mendapatkan alamat IP untuk gateway NAT ISR router.
Internal Ethernet Alamat:
Eksternal alamat Internet:
Langkah 3: Hasil baseline Tampilan netstat
  1. Pada command prompt, ketik perintah netstat-n.
  2. Apa jenis informasi yang tidak kembali perintah netstat-n? Jawaban: Aktif informasi Koneksi ditampilkan: Protokol, Lokal Alamat, Alamat Asing, Negara. IP alamat dan nomor port akan ditampilkan.
  3. Mana alamat IP yang ditemukan pada Langkah 1 muncul? Apakah ada nomor port yang terkait dengan itu? Mengapa atau mengapa tidak? Jawaban: Perintah netstat menunjukkan alamat IP lokal pada kolom Alamat Lokal. Port number mungkin atau mungkin tidak akan ditampilkan tergantung pada koneksi aktif saat ini. Catatan: Jika komputer telah diam selama beberapa saat dan tidak ada koneksi jaringan baru-baru ini dilakukan, mungkin tidak menunjukkan entri atau hanya menampilkan alamat loopback dan nomor port di Lokal dan Asing Kolom alamat (misalnya 127.0.0.1:1039)
Langkah 4: Tampilkan koneksi jaringan aktif
  1. Ping alamat www.cisco.com dan mencatat.
  2. Buka web browser dan masukkan www.cisco.com di address bar.
  3. Kembali ke jendela Command Prompt. Ketik perintah netstat-n lagi, dan kemudian ketik
    perintah tanpa opsi-n. Outputnya terlihat mirip dengan gambar berikut, tergantung pada apa aplikasi jaringan lainnya dan sambungan terbuka ketika anda mengeluarkan perintah.
  4. Apa perbedaan di antara output netstat dan perintah netstat-n?
    Jawaban: Tanpa n-opsi, alamat IP yang memutuskan untuk host nama, dan nomor protokol yang dikonversi ke nama protokol.
  5. Tulis entri koneksi untuk alamat IP klien dan alamat IP dari www.cisco.com yang
    web server. alamat IP lokal klien dan nomor port: Luar Negeri Alamat IP dan nomor port:
  6. Apakah entri netstat ada lebih kedua kalinya? Jawaban: Mungkin ya
Langkah 5: Tentukan diterjemahkan alamat
Gunakan informasi yang dicatat dalam langkah 2 dan 4 dan diagram topologi yang ditampilkan pada awal lab untuk mengisi Alamat: kolom Port.
Langkah 6: Refleksi
  1. Alamat port translation (PAT) juga disebut dengan NAT overload. Apakah yang “overload” Istilah lihat untuk? Jawaban: Menggunakan satu “kelebihan beban” alamat eksternal untuk menerjemahkan untuk alamat internal beberapa.
  2. NAT terminologi yang digunakan dalam laboratorium mencakup empat jenis alamat: di-lokal, di dalam-global, luar-lokal, dan luar-global. Dalam banyak hubungan yang melalui router NAT, dua dari alamat sering sama. Yang dua dari empat alamat biasanya tetap tidak berubah, dan mengapa Anda berpikir bahwa ini terjadi?
    Jawaban: Luar lokal dan luar global, karena alamat IP di luar atau tujuan harus tetap
    yang sama untuk host internal untuk dapat mencapai host yang lain di Internet.

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Tugas CCNA 2 Lab 6.1.2 Creating a Network Diagram From Routing Tables

Diposting oleh Andrizda_Pratama

Lab 6.1.2 Creating a Network Diagram From Routing Tables
Step 1:Examine the routing table entries for the router R1
a.       Examine show ip route output from router R1 shown below
b.      How many networks does router R1 know about? Lima networks
c.       How many networks are directly connected to this router? Tiga networks
d.      How many networks have been learned from another router? Dua network
e.       Using the codes at the beginning of the show ip route output what does the ‘R’ mean? R adalah router
f.       In the routers learned via RIP to which device does the ip address 172.17.0.2 belong? Ya ada
a.       In the routers learned via RIP to which device is serial 0/0 referring and what does it mean? 0/0 adalah interfacenya yaitu menampilkan informasi khusus hardware interface. Perintah ini harus di-set termasuk nomor port/slot dari interface serial.
Step 2: Examine the routing table entries for the router R2
b.      Examine show ip route output from router R2 shown below
c.       How many networks does router R2 know about? Lima networks
d.      How many networks are directly connected to this router? Tiga networks
e.       How many networks have been learned from another router? Dua networks
f.       Using the codes at the beginning of the show ip route output what does the ‘R’ mean? R adalah router
g.      In the routers learned via RIP to which device does the ip address 172.17.0.2 belong? Ya ada
h.      In the routers learned via RIP to which device is serial 0/0 referring and what does it mean? Serial 0/0 adalah interface –nya yaitu menampilkan informasi khusus hardware interface. Perintah ini harus di-set termasuk nomor port/slot dari interface serial.
Step 3: document router interfaces and IP addresses
a.       Based on the shown ip router output from R1 and R2
Device
interface
IP Address
Subnet mask (dotted decimal and/xx)
R1
0/0
172.17.0.0
255.255.0.0/16
R1
0/0
192.168.1.0
255.255.255.0/24
R1
0/1
192.168.2.0
255.255.255.0/24
R2
0/0
172.17.0.0
255.255.0.0/16
R2
0/0
192.168.3.0
255.255.255.0/24
R2
192.168.4.0
255.255.255.0/24
b.      In this example can the exact IP address of all router interface be determined by looking at the routing tables? Ya bisa
c.       Which router interface IP address can be determined from the routing tables? Interface 0/0 dan 0/1
Step 4: create a network topology diagram
Step 5: reflection
a.       What do you think would happen to the entries in the routing table on R1 if one of the enthernet networks on R2 was disconnected? Maka pemrosesan sinyal untuk data jaringan computer akan terputus atau tidak akan terjadi.
b.      What do you think would happen to the entries in the routing tables on R1 and R2 if the serial interface on R2 was shut down?

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Tugas CCNA 2 Lab 6.1.5 Configure and Verify RIP

Diposting oleh Andrizda_Pratama

Lab 6.1.5 Configure and Verify RIP
Step 1: Build the network and configure the routers
Step 2: Check the routing table entries
a.       View the IP routing table for R1 using the show ip route command:
b.      What is the significance of the “C” to the left of the 172.16.0.0 and 172.17.0.0 network entries in the routing table?  Pada IP 172.16.0.0 menggunakan interface type DCE sedangkan pada IP 172.17.0.0 menggunakan interface type DTE.
Step 3: Configure the routing protocol of the routers
Step 4: Configure the hosts with the proper IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway
a.       Configure the host attached to R1 with an IP address, subnet mask and default gateway that is compatible with the IP address of the Fast Ethernet interface (172.16.0.0).
b.       Configure the host attached to R2 with an IP address, subnet mask and default gateway that is compatible with the IP address of the Fast Ethernet interface (172.18.0.0).
c.        Verify that the internetwork is functioning by pinging the Fast Ethernet interface of the other router.
d.       From the host attached to R1, is it possible to ping the R2 router Fast Ethernet interface? Ya mungkin  karena sudah menggunakan gateway yang akan menghubungkan dua buah jaringan yang berbeda.
e.        From the host attached to R2, is it possible to ping the R1 router Fast Ethernet interface? Ya mungkin  karena sudah menggunakan gateway yang akan menghubungkan dua buah jaringan yang berbeda.
f.        If the answer is no for either question, troubleshoot the router configurations to find the error. Then do the pings again until the answer to both questions is yes. Be sure to check physical cabling for problems and bad connections and make sure that you are using the correct cable types.
Step 5: Show the routing tables for each router
a.        In enable or privileged EXEC mode, examine the routing table entries using the show ip route command on router R1.
b.       What are the entries in the R1 routing table? R1 terkoneksi pada jaringan 172.17.0.0/16 dan 172.16.0.0/16
c.        What is the significance of the “R” to the left of the 172.18.0.0 network entry in the routing table? 172.18.0.0 terhubung ke jaringan melalui 172.17.0.2
d.       What does “via 172.17.0.2” mean for this network route? Router mempelajari melalui RIP dengan device 172.17.0.2
e.        What does “Serial0/0” mean for this network route? Serial interfacenya atau port/slot
f.        Examine the routing table entries using the show ip route command on router R1.
g.        What are the entries in the R2 routing table? 172.16.0.0/16
Step 6: Use debug to observe RIP communications
a.       On router R1, enter the debug ip rip command from privileged EXEC mode. Examine the exchange of routes between the two routers. The output should look similar to that shown here.
b.       Enter the command undebug all to stop all debugging activity
c.        What interface does router R1 send and receive updates through? R1 mengirim ke alamat 224.0.0.9 dan R1 menerima dari 172.17.0.2
d.       Why does the route to 172.17.0.0 have metric of 1 and the route to 172.18.0.0 have a metric of 2? Karena pada ruter ke 172.17.0.0 memiliki satu lompatan atau terkoneksi langsung sehingga disebut 1 metric sedangkan 172.18.0.0 memiliki dua lompatan karena tidak terkoneksi secara langsung melainkan melalui router lain.
e.        Log off by typing exit and turn off the router.
Step 7: Reflection
a.       What do you think would happen to the routing table on router R1 if the Ethernet network on router R2 went down? Koneksi antara R1 dan R2 akan terputus
b.      What do you think would happen if router R1 was configured to run RIPv1, and R2 was configured to run RIPv2? Maka router dapat berkomunikasi dengan router lain sehingga dapat menetukan jalan yng terbaik dalam pengiriman paket data  tanpa memperhatikan subnet, konfigurasi ini di butuh kan untuk proses routing untuk menentukan interface mana yang akan mengirim data atau menerima.

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Tugas CCNA lab 4.5.4

Diposting oleh Andrizda_Pratama

4.5.4 Terminating UTP Cables
Objectives
• Use a punch down tool to terminate an RJ-45 wall jack.
• Install an RJ-45 jack in a wall plate.
• Use a punch down tool to terminate a UTP cable at a patch panel.
Background / Preparation
In this lab you will wire an RJ-45 data jack for installation in a wall plate using a punch-down tool. This is done frequently when installing cabling in an office environment. The punch tool is also used to terminate the other end of the cable at a patch panel punch-down block. The punch tool uses spring-loaded action to push wires between metal pins, while at the same time skinning the sheath away from the wire. This ensures that the wire makes a good electrical connection with the pins inside the jack. The punch tool also cuts off any extra wire.
A Category 5/5e straight-through patch cable with an RJ-45 connector normally plugs into a data jack or outlet to connect a PC to the network. It is important to use Category 5 or 5e rated jacks and patch panels with Category 5 or 5e cabling in order to support Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) and Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps). The process of punching down wires into a data jack in an office area is the same as punching them down at a patch panel in a wiring closet. This lab can be performed individually, in pairs, or in groups. The following resources are required:
• 60-90 cm (2-3 feet) length of cable, either Category 5 or 5e.
• RJ-45 data jack—If RJ-45 data jacks are installed on both ends of the cable, two jacks will be  and the installation can be tested by inserting cable with RJ-45 connectors and a simple cable continuity tester. More jacks may also be needed if errors are made.
• Category 5/5e wall plate.
• Patch panel.
• Punch tool, type 110.
• UTP cable stripper.
• Wire cutters.
• Two known good straight-through patch cables for testing (optional).
Step 1: Strip the sheath
a. Remove the cable sheath 2.54 cm (1 inch) from the end of the cable.
Step 2: Position wires in data jack
a. Position wires in the proper channels on the RJ-45 jack maintaining the twists as close to the jack as possible. The diagram that follows shows an example of how to place the wires with one type of jack.
b. Most jacks have the channels color-coded to indicate where the wires go. The following photo of the jack shows one model. Jacks are typically stamped to indicate whether they are T568A or T568B
Step 3: Punch down the data jack
a. Use the punch tool to push conductors into the channels. Make sure to position the cutting side of the punch tool so that it faces the outside of the jack. If this is not done, it will cut the wire being punched. Try tilting the handle of the punch tool a little to the outside, so it will cut better.
b. If any wire remains attached after using the punch tool, simply twist the ends gently to remove them. Then place the clips on the jack, and tighten them. Make sure that no more than 1.27 cm (one half inch) of untwisted wire is between the end of the cable jacket and the channels on the jack.
Step 4. Attach the faceplate.
  1. Snap the jack into the faceplate by pushing it from the back side. Make sure when this is done, that the jack is right-side up so the clip faces down when the wall plate is mounted.
  2. Use the screws to attach the faceplate to either the box or to the bracket. If there is a surfacemounted box, keep in mind that it might hold 30-60 cm (1-2 feet) of excess cable. Then it will be necessary to either slide the cable through the tie-wraps, or pull back the raceway that covers it, in order to push the excess cable back into the wall. If there is a flush-mounted jack, all that is needed is to push the excess cable back into the wall.
Step 5: Punch down the patch panel
  1. On the opposite end of the cabling, remove the jacket 2.54 cm (1 inch) from the cable.
  2. Lay the wires down in the patch panel so that the colors of the wires correspond exactly to the colors indicated on the pin locations in the same manner as the data jack was punched down.
  3. Keep the sheath within .64 cm (¼ inch) of where the wires begin branching out to their pin locations.
  4. Do not untwist the wires more than necessary to lay them down at the pin locations. A good way to keep from untwisting too much is to hold down the wires next to the patch panel with one finger while using the other hand to pull apart each end as you lay it across the connector.
  1. The following figure shows a large punch down patch panel with carefully routed cabling.
Step 6: Test the data jack and patch panel terminations with a basic cable tester (optional)
  1. Obtain two straight-through Ethernet patch cables and verify they both function properly using a simple cable tester.
  2. Connect one end of one of the straight-through Ethernet patch cables to the data jack outlet and one end of the other straight-through cable to the jack at the patch panel.
  3. Insert the opposite ends of the two cables into a simple cable tester and check for continuity from end to end through both patch cables, the data jack, and the patch panel. Did the cable run test good from end to end? Jawaban: yes. Yes. If not, try to analyze where the problem is and repeat  the connections if possible with another wall jack and patch panel port
Step 7: Reflection (optional)
  1. Take a tour of a wiring closet that contains patch panels and punch-down blocks. Was there any other type of devices that might use similar techniques to attach wires? What do you think attaches to these cables? Jawaban: wifi card, modem dll. Ternyata koneksi dengan menggunakan kabel memiliki speed yang lebih cepat dari pada menggunakan wifi.
  1. What do you think are some of the drawbacks and advantages of having a job installing network cabling? Jawaban: dengan teknik pengkabelan kita dapat merasakan keuntungan: speednya lebih cepat dari pada wifi, sedangkan kekurangannya: sulit untuk pemasangan kabel untuk area gedung yang luas dan banyak memakan biaya.

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Tugas CCNA lab 5.1.4

Diposting oleh Andrizda_Pratama

Lab 5.1.4 Using the Windows Calculator with Network Addresses
Objectives
  • • Switch between the two Windows Calculator modes.
  • • Use Windows Calculator to convert between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal.
  • • Use Windows Calculator to determine the number of hosts in a network with powers of 2.
Background / Preparation
Network technicians work with binary, decimal, hexadecimal numbers with computers and networking devices. In this lab you will use the Windows Calculator application to convert between the binary, decimal, and hexadecimal number systems. You will also use the powers function to determine the number of hosts that can be addressed based on the number of bits available. The following resources are required:
  • • PC with Windows XP installed and functional
Step 1: Access Windows Calculator and determine mode of operation
  1. From the Start button menu, select All Programs > Accessories, and click on Calculator. An alternate method of starting the Calculator application is to access the Start menu, click on Run, type calc and press Enter. Try both methods.
  2. Once the Calculator application opens, select the View menu option.
  3. Which mode [Standard | Scientific] is currently active? Jawab: Mode yang sedang aktif sekarang adalah Scientific
  4. Select the Standard mode. This is a basic mode for simple calculations. How many mathematical functions are available in this mode? Jawab: Fungsi matematika yang ada pada Standart model adalah 7 fungsi matematika
Step 2: Convert between number systems
      1. Access Scientific mode. Notice the number system modes available—Hex (Hexadecimal), Dec (Decimal), Oct (Octal), and Bin (Binary).
      2. Which number system is currently active? Jawab: System bilangan yang sedang aktif pada model Scientific adalah  Decimal.
      3. Which numbers on the number pad are active in Decimal mode? Jawab: Bilangan yang aktif adalah:
      4. Click on the Bin (Binary) mode radio button. Which numbers on the number pad are now active? Jawab:
      5. Why do you think the other numbers are grayed out? Jawab: bilangan yang berwarna buram membuktikan bahwa bilangan tersebut tidak aktif untuk binery. Karena bilangan pada binery hanya 0 dan 1.
      6. Click on the Hex (Hexadecimal) mode radio button.
      7. Which characters on the number pad are now activated? Jawab karakter yang aktif pada bilangan hexadecimal adalah:
      8. Click on the Dec radio button. Using your mouse, click on the number 1 followed by the number 5 on the number pad. The decimal number 15 has now been entered. Click on the Bin radio button.
      9. What happened to the number 15 listed in the textbox at the top of the window? Jawab: Ketika decimal aktif saya mengetikan angka 15 kemudian saya tukar dengan Binery maka angka 15 berubah menjadi 1111.
      10. By selecting different modes, numbers are converted from one number system to another. Select Dec mode again. The number in the window converts back to decimal. Select the Hex mode.
      11. Which hexadecimal character (0 through 9 or A through F) represents decimal 15? Jawab: pada Hexadecimal yang mempresentasika 15 adalah F
      12. Clear the number 15 in the window. Select Dec mode again. Not only can the mouse be used to enter numbers, but the numerical keypad on the keyboard as well as numbers on the keyboard can also be used. Using the numerical keypad to the right of the ENTER key, type the number 22. Note that if the number does not enter into the calculator, press the Num Lock key to enable the numeric keypad. While the number 22 is showing in the calculator, use the number keys across the top of the keyboard to add a 0 to the number 22 (220 should now be on the calculator). Select the Bin radio button.
      13. What is the binary equivalent of 220? Jawab: Decimal 220 equivalent dengan 11011100 pada bineryClear the number 220 in the window. From Binary mode, type in the following binary number: 11001100. Select the Dec radio button.
      14. What is the decimal equivalent to the binary number of 11011100? Jawab: Binery 11011100 equivalent dengan 220 Decimal

      1. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary.

      Decimal Binery
      86 1010110
      175 10101111
      204 11001100
      19 10011
      1. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal.
      Decimal Binery
      11000011 195
      101010 42
      111000 56
      10010011 147
      Step 3: Convert host IP addresses
      1. Computer hosts usually have two addresses, an Internet Protocol (IP) address and an Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) address. For the benefit of humans, the IP address is normally represented as a dotted decimal notation, such as 135.15.227.68. Each of the decimal octets in the address or a mask can be converted to 8 binary bits. Remember that the computer only understands binary bits. If all 4 octets were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
      Jawab:

      jika jumlah semua ada 4 oktet maka ada 32 bit yang terbentuk karena 1 oktet terdiri dari 8 bits.

      1. IP addresses are normally shown with four decimal numbers ranging from 0 to 255 and separated by a period. Convert the 4 parts of the IP address 192.168.10.2 to binary.



      Decimal Binary
      192 11000000
      168 10101000
      10 00001010
      2 00000010s
      1. Notice in the previous problem how the 10 converted to only four digits and the number 2 converted to only two digits. When IP addresses can have any number from 0 to 255 in each position, eight digits are normally used to represent each number. In the previous example, eight digits were needed to convert 192 and 168 to binary, but 10 and 2 did not need as many digits. Normally 0s are added to the left of the digits to have eight digits in binary for each IP address number. The number 10 would be shown as 00001010. Four extra zeros are added to the front of the other four binary digits.
      2. On the calculator in Binary mode, enter the digits 00001010 and select the Dec radio button.
      3. Which decimal number is equivalent to 00001010?
      Jawab:

      00001010 ekuivalen dengan 10 pada decimal

      1. Did adding “leading” zeros affect the number any?
      Jawab:

      Tidak karena 0 di depan tidak mempunyai pengaruh di dalam pengkonversian.

      1. What would the number 2 (in the previous example) be if you were to make it eight digits?
      Jawab:

      karena pada IP address satu octet harus berisikan 8 digit bilangan biner.

      Step 4: Convert host IP subnet masks
      1. Subnet masks, such as 255.255.255.0, are also represented as dotted decimal. A subnet mask will always consist of four 8-bit octets, each one represented as a decimal number. With the exception of decimal 0 (all 8 binary zeros) and decimal 255 (all 8 binary ones), each octet will have some number of ones on the left and some number of zeros on the right. Convert the 8 possible decimal subnet octet values to binary.
      Decimal Binary
      0 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
      128 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
      192 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
      224 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
      240 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
      248 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
      252 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
      254 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
      255 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
      1. Convert the four parts of the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 to binary.
      Jawab:

      11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

      Step 5: Convert broadcast addresses
      1. Computer hosts and network devices use broadcast addresses to send messages to all hosts. Convert the following broadcast addresses.

      Address Binery
      IP broadcast255.255.255.255 11111111.1111111.11111111.11111111
      MAC broadcastFF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF 11111111.1111111.11111111.11111111
      Step 6: Convert IP and MAC addresses for a host
      1. Click the Start button, select Run, type cmd, and press Enter. From the command prompt, type ipconfig /all.

      1. Make a note of the IP address and physical address (also known as a MAC address).
      IP Address:
      Jawab:

      IP addressnya adalah 192.168.193.71

      MAC Address:
      Jawab:

      MAC addresnya adalah 00-17-C4-23-43-FE

      1. Using the calculator, convert the four numbers contained in the IP address to binary.

      Decimal Binary
      192 11000000
      168 10101000
      193 11000001
      71 01000111
      1. The MAC or physical address is normally represented as 12 hexadecimal characters, grouped in pairs and separated by dashes (-). Physical addresses on a Windows-based computer are shown in a format of xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx, where each x is a number from 0 to 9 or a letter from a to f. Each of the hex characters in the address can be converted to 4 binary bits which is what the computer understands. If all 12 hex characters were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
      Jawab:

      Jika ada 12 karakter hexadecimal maka akan ada 96 bilangan biner yang terbentuk.

      1. Convert each of the hexadecimal pairs to binary. For example, if the number CC-12-DE-4A-BD-88-34 was the physical address, convert the hexadecimal number CC to binary (11001100). Then convert the hexadecimal number 12 to binary (00010010) and so on. Be sure to add the leading zeros for a total of 8 binary digits per pair of hex digits.


      Hexadecimal Binery
      CC 11001100
      12 00010010
      DE 11011110
      4A 01001010
      BD 10111101
      88 10001000
      34 00110100
      Step 7: Manipulate powers of 2 to determine the number of hosts on a network
      Binary numbers use two digits, 0 and 1. When you calculate how many hosts can be on a subnetwork, you use powers of two because binary is being used. As an example, we have a subnet mask that leaves six bits in the host portion of the IP address. In this case, the number of hosts on that network is 2 to the 6th power minus 2 (because you need a number to represent the network and
      1. number that can be used to reach all the hosts—the broadcast address). The number 2 is always used because we are working in binary. The number 6 is the number of bits that are used for the host bits.
      2. On the calculator, in Dec mode, input the number 2. Select the x^y key, the key which raises a number to a power. Input the number 6. Click on the = key, press Enter on the keyboard, or press the = key on the keyboard—all give the total. The number 64 appears in the output. To subtract two, click on the minus (-) key and then the 2 key followed by the = key. The number 62 appears in the output. This means 62 hosts could be utilized.
      3. Using the previously described process, determine the number of hosts if the following number of bits are used for host bits.

      No. of Bits Used forHosts No. of Hosts
      5 30 hosts
      14 16382 hosts
      24 16777214 host
      10 1022 hosts
      1. Using a similar technique as learned previously, determine what 10 to the 4th power equals.
      Jawab:

      Hasilnya adalah 9998

      1. Close the Windows Calculator application.

      Step 8: (Optional) Determine the network number and number of hosts based on subnet mask
      1. Given the IP network address of 172.16.203.56 and a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0, determine the network portion of the address and calculate how many hosts can be created from host bits left.
      2. Start by converting the 4 octets of the decimal IP address to binary and then convert the decimal subnet mask to binary. Remember to include leading zeros when converting to binary in order to make a total of 8 bits per octet.

      Decimal IP addressand subnet mask Binary IP address and subnet mask
      172.16.203.56 10101100.00010000.11001011.00111000
      255.255.248.0 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
      1. Align the 32 bits of the subnet mask to the 32 bits of the IP address and compare them. The bits in the IP address that align with the ones bits in the subnet mask represent the network number. What is the binary and decimal network number for this IP address? Determine the binary address first (include all 32 bits) and then convert it to decimal. Binary network address:
      Jawab:

      10101100.00010000.11001011.00111000
      11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000

      10101100.00010000.11001000.00000000

      Decimal network address:
      Jawab:

      172.16.200.0
      1. How many ones bits are in the subnet mask?
      Jawab:

      Subnetmask = 2n = 23=8
      1. How many bits are left for host bits?
      Jawab:

      Host = 2n-2= 25-2= 30

      1. How many hosts can be created with the bits left?
      Jawab:

      Host =2n-2= 211-2= 2046

      Step 9: Reflection
      1. List one other thing for which you might use the Windows Calculator scientific mode. It does not have to be related to networking.

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      tugas ccna lab 1.3.3

      Diposting oleh Andrizda_Pratama

      Lab 1.3.3 Determining the Screen Resolution of a Computer
      Objectives
      • Determine the current screen resolution of a PC monitor.
      • Determine the maximum resolution for the highest color quality.
      • Calculate the number of pixels needed for resolution settings.
      • Identify the type of monitor and graphics card installed.
      Background / Preparation
      The resolution of a monitor determines the quality of the screen display. The resolution is determined by the number of horizontal and vertical picture elements (pixels) that are used to produce the image on the monitor. The number of pixels is typically predefined by the manufacturers of graphics cards and PC monitors. The highest number of pixels that a monitor and graphics card can support is referred to as maximum resolution. An example of maximum resolution is 1280 x1024, which means the display is composed of 1280 horizontal pixels and 1024 vertical pixels. The higher the resolution is set, the sharper the display image. The maximum resolution of a PC monitor and the number of colors the monitor can display are determined by two factors:
      • • Capability of the monitor
      • • Capability of the graphics card, especially the amount of onboard memory
      The following resources are required:
      • • Computer with Windows XP installed
      Step 1: Determine the current screen resolution
      1. To view the current screen resolution and color quality settings, right-click on any empty space on the desktop and select Properties from the context menu. In the Display Properties window, select the Settings tab.
      2. You can also access Display Properties by opening the Control Panel and clicking the Display icon.
      3. Use the Display Properties Settings tab to record the current settings on your PC: The screen resolution is (H by V) Answere: Horizontal The horizontal resolution is: 1024, The vertical resolution is: 768, The color quality value is: 32 bit
      Step 2: Determine the maximum resolution for the highest color quality
      The slide bar under Screen resolution is used to configure the desired resolution.
      a. Move the slide bar to see the range of screen resolutions that are available on your PC. (The range is determined by the operating system when it identifies the display card and the monitor.)
      b. Use the Display Properties Settings tab to fill out the following table for the current settings on your PC: Answere:
      Minimum screen resolution                                           800×600 pixels
      Maximum screen resolutio                                           1280×800 pixels
      Available color quality settings medium                         (16 bit) dan highest 932 bit)
      Step 3: Calculate the pixels for current and maximum resolution settings
      1. The display on the screen consists of rows of pixels. The number of pixels in each row is the horizontal resolution. The number of rows is the vertical resolution. To determine the total number of pixels in a screen resolution, you multiply the horizontal resolution by the vertical resolution. For example, if the current resolution is 1280 x 1024, the total number of pixels is 1280 times 1024, or 1,310,720. Answere:
      2. Calculate the total number of pixels for the lowest resolution:  600 pixels______________________
      3. Calculate the total number of pixels for the maximum resolution:  1280 pixels____________________
      Step 4: Identify the type of graphics card installed
      You can get detailed information about the graphics card (also called the display adapter) in the Display Properties screen.
      a.   In the Display Properties screen, click the Advanced button.
      b. Select the Adapter tab.
      1. Use the information found in the Adapter tab to complete the following table:
      Answere:
      Graphics card manufacturer and model (Adapter Type)Graphics memory on card (Memory Size) Chip type, DAC Type, memory Size, adapter string, Bios infoemation128 MB, but this is based on speck of the each of the computer.
      Step 5: Identify the type of monitor and available refresh rates
      You can get detailed information about the monitor in the Display Properties screen. The screen refresh rate determines the number of times per second the screen is illuminated or redrawn. A refresh rate of 60 hertz means the screen is illuminated 60 times per second. Higher refresh rates provide less screen flicker, which reduces eye strain, but may adversely affect the monitor. You should set the refresh rate to the highest level the monitor can safely support.
      1. Click on the Monitor tab to see the monitor type and current refresh rate.
      2. Use the information found in the Monitor tab to complete the following table: Answere:
      Monitor type Plug and Play Monitor and NVIDIA GeForce Go 7400
      Supported refresh rates 60 Hert
      3. What can occur if you select a refresh rate that is higher than what the  monitor can safely display? Answere: Can be damage to hadware.

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